What is hypertensionHypertonic or hypertension disease (synonym: essential hypertension, primary hypertension)-chronic procedure, subject to progression, in the clinical image, the main symptom of which is a persistent and prolonged increase in blood pressure (i. e. hypertension syndrome).The high blood pressure criteria are considered to be a systolic blood pressure (blood pressure) above or equal to 140 mm Hg. Art. and / or the diastolic blood pressure exceeding 90 mm Hg. Art. Etiology of the diseaseHypertonic disease is considered an idiopathic disease, the immediate causes of its occurrence are not established.
Among the many theories of emergence and development of primary hypertension, classical neurogenic theory is the most widespread. This concept considers hypertension as a neurotic state of a higher nerve activity. The starting mechanism is considered a nervous overvoltage (acute or prolonged, chronic), which causes a violation of the trophism of brain structures which are responsible for regulating blood pressure. Emotions that have not received any implementation in the motor sphere, the "unrealized emotions" are particularly important, the "unrecided emotions".In the occurrence of primary hypertension, a genetic predisposition is drawn. In 35 to 50% of people with hypertension, the family nature of the disease is observed. A specific gene, the defect of which would result in a persistent increase in blood pressure, has not been detected. Probably, the disease has a polygenic inheritance type. Hypertension pathogenesisThe pathogenesis of primary hypertension is complicated and at different stages has its own characteristics. According to neurogenic theory, under the influence of nervous overvoltage, the inhibitory effect of the cortex of the great hemispheres of the brain on the undercortical vegetative centers (hypothalamic) is reduced, which causes the activation of the pre-ranging system (vasoconstrictor). There is an adrenaline emission, increases in cardiac ejection, the arteries are narrowed (including the renal), the blood pressure increases. The spasm of the renal arteries activates another powerful pressing-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which makes its significant contribution to the increase in blood pressure. Other vasoconstrictive agents are also connected over time - anti -diuretic hormone, prostacille, endothelin, thromboxan. They are opposed by depressant vascular prostaglandins, kallikreine-kinin and a system of sodium networks. A long spasm of the arteries leads to a violation of the function of their inner shell (endothelium), restructuring the walls of blood vessels and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.Risk factorsRisk factors are attributed to signs, whose presence in humans increases the probability of developing the disease. The variety of primary hypertension risk factors is divided into two groups - modified and not modified.Risk factors not modified (it is impossible to influence them))These include:Men's sex is among men of young incidence of higher average age hypertension as in women at the same age. Low incidence in women is explained by the protective effect of estrogen. The prevalence of hypertension among representatives of both sexes over 60 is almost the same; Age (over 50 to 60) - The prevalence of hypertension increases sharply in old age;Hérétité - The presence of essential hypertension in a family increases the risk of illness.Modified risk factors (subject to influence)These include:Smoking - Nicotine has a powerful vasoconstrictor effect. Active and passive smoking leads to blood vessel cramps, an increase in blood pressure;Obesity-that is, the body weight index is greater than 30 kg / m2. Clinical studies prove that the incidence of hypertension increases as human weight increases. The depot of subcutaneous fats in the size area (abdominal obesity) is particularly dangerous, as it is associated with an extremely high risk of primary hypertension. This is due to the stimulation of the sympathetic adrenal system in fats. A size of more than 80 cm for women and more than 94 cm for men is a serious risk factor for hypertension;A sedentary lifestyle (hypodynamia) - insufficient physical activity causes the development of obesity;Excessive reception of table salt with food products (more than 5 g per day);excessive alcohol consumption (over 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day);An unbalanced diet (rich in calories, with an excess of saturated fat) - causes obesity;stressful situations.Classification of high blood pressurePrimary hypertension is classified as a function of the level of high blood pressure, by the nature of the lesion of the target organs.Classification of high blood pressure levels (AG)Category Systolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art. Diastolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art.High blood pressure i degrees 140-159 90-99Hypertension of Degree II 160-179 100-109High blood pressure of the degree III ≥ 180 ≥110Classification by the nature of the defeat of the target organsThe organs of the mechens are called the organs in which pathological changes occur mainly due to hypertension. For primary hypertension, the targets are the heart, the kidneys, the brain, the mesh shell of the eye, the blood vessels.3 steps of primary hypertensionIt is usual to distinguish 3 steps from primary hypertension:Step I-Ca -healing by the absence of changes compared to the target bodies;Stadium II-There are changes in the target organs that do not manifest themselves by any symptoms:heart: an increase in the left ventricle (depending on the results of the ECG or the ultrasound of the heart);Ships:signs of thickening of the walls, the presence of plates (according to the results of ultrasound, angiography);kidneys:decrease in function, microalbuminuria (detection of small portions of protein in the urine);The retina: narrowing, impregnation of blood vessels;Stadium III-There are symptoms of changes in target organs:heart: ischemic disease, heart failure;brain: transient disruption of brain blood flow, stroke;kidneys:renal failure;Ships: occlusion of the peripheral blood vessel, which delays the aortic aneurysm; Eye off:edema, hemorrhages, exudates.
Hypertension symptomsIn some cases, for a long time, the only symptom of essential hypertension remains an increase in blood pressure. It can be accompanied by non -specific complaints of head pain (occurs in the morning, by the type of "heavy head", with location in the occipital region), irritability, excessive fatigue, sleep disorders, general weakness, stunning and rapid palpitations.Hypertonic crises are considered to be a brilliant sign of the disease of the disease (from 1 to 2 hours to 2 to 3 days) of the exacerbation of the disease, manifesting itself by a sudden increase in blood pressure. They occur in approximately a third of patients.There are 2 types of crises for hypertension: the first order (adrenal) and the second order (norépinephrine).The first -order hypertensive crisis is developing more often in people of average age. The increase in blood pressure occurs at night, accompanied by a headache, chills, cooling of the extremities, anxiety, anxiety, a rapid heart rate.A second -order hypertensive crisis is characteristic of the elderly. The increase in blood pressure is accompanied by a pronounced headache, an altered visual perception, inhibition, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting.
With prolonged hypertension experience in the clinical image, the place of head is occupied by the symptoms of diseases of the target organs: track pain with angina, breathlessness, swelling with heart failure, symptoms of a stroke, etc.Hypertension diagnosisIn order to establish a diagnosis of hypertension to a person, it is necessary to identify a persistent increase in blood pressure and to exclude the presence of other diseases characterized by high blood pressure syndrome.An increase in blood pressure is determined using a conventional tone - hell is measured by a doctor or a patient himself. An essential condition is to comply with the blood pressure measurement methodology - the measurement is carried out after 3 to 5 minutes of rest in a comfortable environment, seated, rest, shoulder and heart must be located at the same level. The blood pressure level greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg. Art. He talks about suspicion of essential hypertension. In diagnostically complex cases, the methodology of daily blood pressure monitoring is used. Diseases accompanying high blood pressureIn addition to hypertension, there are still a certain number of diseases accompanied by an increase in blood pressure: renal pathology (pyelo- / glomerulonephritis), vasorenal hypertension (caused by the narrowing of the renal artery), the tumance-the-pochrochrochrochromocytomomocytoma renal syndrome, disease syndrome. To exclude the presence of these pathologies, the doctor prescribes a complete examination.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.Diagnostic measures include:ECG: There may be signs of an increase in the left ventricle (hypertrophy), ischemic changes, signs of an acute myocardial infarction.X -ray of the chest organs: changes in the heart of the heart (manifestation of the hypertrophy of the left ventricle) can be detected;Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): can be detected by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the expansion of the cardiac cavities, a decrease in its work;Study of the background: the narrowed arteries of the retina, the dilated veins, with subsequent stages - hemorrhages, exudats, swelling is determined;Blood test: the quantity of cholesterol, kidney indicators (creatinine, urea) are determined;Analysis of urine: Removers' functioning disorders, microalbuminuria, etc. are detected. 
Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.
Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
Etiology of the diseaseHypertonic disease is considered an idiopathic disease, the immediate causes of its occurrence are not established.
Among the many theories of emergence and development of primary hypertension, classical neurogenic theory is the most widespread. This concept considers hypertension as a neurotic state of a higher nerve activity. The starting mechanism is considered a nervous overvoltage (acute or prolonged, chronic), which causes a violation of the trophism of brain structures which are responsible for regulating blood pressure. Emotions that have not received any implementation in the motor sphere, the "unrealized emotions" are particularly important, the "unrecided emotions".In the occurrence of primary hypertension, a genetic predisposition is drawn. In 35 to 50% of people with hypertension, the family nature of the disease is observed. A specific gene, the defect of which would result in a persistent increase in blood pressure, has not been detected. Probably, the disease has a polygenic inheritance type. Hypertension pathogenesisThe pathogenesis of primary hypertension is complicated and at different stages has its own characteristics. According to neurogenic theory, under the influence of nervous overvoltage, the inhibitory effect of the cortex of the great hemispheres of the brain on the undercortical vegetative centers (hypothalamic) is reduced, which causes the activation of the pre-ranging system (vasoconstrictor). There is an adrenaline emission, increases in cardiac ejection, the arteries are narrowed (including the renal), the blood pressure increases. The spasm of the renal arteries activates another powerful pressing-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which makes its significant contribution to the increase in blood pressure. Other vasoconstrictive agents are also connected over time - anti -diuretic hormone, prostacille, endothelin, thromboxan. They are opposed by depressant vascular prostaglandins, kallikreine-kinin and a system of sodium networks. A long spasm of the arteries leads to a violation of the function of their inner shell (endothelium), restructuring the walls of blood vessels and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.Risk factorsRisk factors are attributed to signs, whose presence in humans increases the probability of developing the disease. The variety of primary hypertension risk factors is divided into two groups - modified and not modified.Risk factors not modified (it is impossible to influence them))These include:Men's sex is among men of young incidence of higher average age hypertension as in women at the same age. Low incidence in women is explained by the protective effect of estrogen. The prevalence of hypertension among representatives of both sexes over 60 is almost the same; Age (over 50 to 60) - The prevalence of hypertension increases sharply in old age;Hérétité - The presence of essential hypertension in a family increases the risk of illness.Modified risk factors (subject to influence)These include:Smoking - Nicotine has a powerful vasoconstrictor effect. Active and passive smoking leads to blood vessel cramps, an increase in blood pressure;Obesity-that is, the body weight index is greater than 30 kg / m2. Clinical studies prove that the incidence of hypertension increases as human weight increases. The depot of subcutaneous fats in the size area (abdominal obesity) is particularly dangerous, as it is associated with an extremely high risk of primary hypertension. This is due to the stimulation of the sympathetic adrenal system in fats. A size of more than 80 cm for women and more than 94 cm for men is a serious risk factor for hypertension;A sedentary lifestyle (hypodynamia) - insufficient physical activity causes the development of obesity;Excessive reception of table salt with food products (more than 5 g per day);excessive alcohol consumption (over 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day);An unbalanced diet (rich in calories, with an excess of saturated fat) - causes obesity;stressful situations.Classification of high blood pressurePrimary hypertension is classified as a function of the level of high blood pressure, by the nature of the lesion of the target organs.Classification of high blood pressure levels (AG)Category Systolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art. Diastolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art.High blood pressure i degrees 140-159 90-99Hypertension of Degree II 160-179 100-109High blood pressure of the degree III ≥ 180 ≥110Classification by the nature of the defeat of the target organsThe organs of the mechens are called the organs in which pathological changes occur mainly due to hypertension. For primary hypertension, the targets are the heart, the kidneys, the brain, the mesh shell of the eye, the blood vessels.3 steps of primary hypertensionIt is usual to distinguish 3 steps from primary hypertension:Step I-Ca -healing by the absence of changes compared to the target bodies;Stadium II-There are changes in the target organs that do not manifest themselves by any symptoms:heart: an increase in the left ventricle (depending on the results of the ECG or the ultrasound of the heart);Ships:signs of thickening of the walls, the presence of plates (according to the results of ultrasound, angiography);kidneys:decrease in function, microalbuminuria (detection of small portions of protein in the urine);The retina: narrowing, impregnation of blood vessels;Stadium III-There are symptoms of changes in target organs:heart: ischemic disease, heart failure;brain: transient disruption of brain blood flow, stroke;kidneys:renal failure;Ships: occlusion of the peripheral blood vessel, which delays the aortic aneurysm; Eye off:edema, hemorrhages, exudates.Hypertension symptomsIn some cases, for a long time, the only symptom of essential hypertension remains an increase in blood pressure. It can be accompanied by non -specific complaints of head pain (occurs in the morning, by the type of "heavy head", with location in the occipital region), irritability, excessive fatigue, sleep disorders, general weakness, stunning and rapid palpitations.Hypertonic crises are considered to be a brilliant sign of the disease of the disease (from 1 to 2 hours to 2 to 3 days) of the exacerbation of the disease, manifesting itself by a sudden increase in blood pressure. They occur in approximately a third of patients.There are 2 types of crises for hypertension: the first order (adrenal) and the second order (norépinephrine).The first -order hypertensive crisis is developing more often in people of average age. The increase in blood pressure occurs at night, accompanied by a headache, chills, cooling of the extremities, anxiety, anxiety, a rapid heart rate.A second -order hypertensive crisis is characteristic of the elderly. The increase in blood pressure is accompanied by a pronounced headache, an altered visual perception, inhibition, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting.
With prolonged hypertension experience in the clinical image, the place of head is occupied by the symptoms of diseases of the target organs: track pain with angina, breathlessness, swelling with heart failure, symptoms of a stroke, etc.Hypertension diagnosisIn order to establish a diagnosis of hypertension to a person, it is necessary to identify a persistent increase in blood pressure and to exclude the presence of other diseases characterized by high blood pressure syndrome.An increase in blood pressure is determined using a conventional tone - hell is measured by a doctor or a patient himself. An essential condition is to comply with the blood pressure measurement methodology - the measurement is carried out after 3 to 5 minutes of rest in a comfortable environment, seated, rest, shoulder and heart must be located at the same level. The blood pressure level greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg. Art. He talks about suspicion of essential hypertension. In diagnostically complex cases, the methodology of daily blood pressure monitoring is used. Diseases accompanying high blood pressureIn addition to hypertension, there are still a certain number of diseases accompanied by an increase in blood pressure: renal pathology (pyelo- / glomerulonephritis), vasorenal hypertension (caused by the narrowing of the renal artery), the tumance-the-pochrochrochrochromocytomomocytoma renal syndrome, disease syndrome. To exclude the presence of these pathologies, the doctor prescribes a complete examination.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.Diagnostic measures include:ECG: There may be signs of an increase in the left ventricle (hypertrophy), ischemic changes, signs of an acute myocardial infarction.X -ray of the chest organs: changes in the heart of the heart (manifestation of the hypertrophy of the left ventricle) can be detected;Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): can be detected by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the expansion of the cardiac cavities, a decrease in its work;Study of the background: the narrowed arteries of the retina, the dilated veins, with subsequent stages - hemorrhages, exudats, swelling is determined;Blood test: the quantity of cholesterol, kidney indicators (creatinine, urea) are determined;Analysis of urine: Removers' functioning disorders, microalbuminuria, etc. are detected. Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
Among the many theories of emergence and development of primary hypertension, classical neurogenic theory is the most widespread. This concept considers hypertension as a neurotic state of a higher nerve activity. The starting mechanism is considered a nervous overvoltage (acute or prolonged, chronic), which causes a violation of the trophism of brain structures which are responsible for regulating blood pressure. Emotions that have not received any implementation in the motor sphere, the "unrealized emotions" are particularly important, the "unrecided emotions".
Hypertension pathogenesisThe pathogenesis of primary hypertension is complicated and at different stages has its own characteristics. According to neurogenic theory, under the influence of nervous overvoltage, the inhibitory effect of the cortex of the great hemispheres of the brain on the undercortical vegetative centers (hypothalamic) is reduced, which causes the activation of the pre-ranging system (vasoconstrictor). There is an adrenaline emission, increases in cardiac ejection, the arteries are narrowed (including the renal), the blood pressure increases. The spasm of the renal arteries activates another powerful pressing-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which makes its significant contribution to the increase in blood pressure. Other vasoconstrictive agents are also connected over time - anti -diuretic hormone, prostacille, endothelin, thromboxan. They are opposed by depressant vascular prostaglandins, kallikreine-kinin and a system of sodium networks. A long spasm of the arteries leads to a violation of the function of their inner shell (endothelium), restructuring the walls of blood vessels and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.Risk factorsRisk factors are attributed to signs, whose presence in humans increases the probability of developing the disease. The variety of primary hypertension risk factors is divided into two groups - modified and not modified.Risk factors not modified (it is impossible to influence them))These include:Men's sex is among men of young incidence of higher average age hypertension as in women at the same age. Low incidence in women is explained by the protective effect of estrogen. The prevalence of hypertension among representatives of both sexes over 60 is almost the same; Age (over 50 to 60) - The prevalence of hypertension increases sharply in old age;Hérétité - The presence of essential hypertension in a family increases the risk of illness.Modified risk factors (subject to influence)These include:Smoking - Nicotine has a powerful vasoconstrictor effect. Active and passive smoking leads to blood vessel cramps, an increase in blood pressure;Obesity-that is, the body weight index is greater than 30 kg / m2. Clinical studies prove that the incidence of hypertension increases as human weight increases. The depot of subcutaneous fats in the size area (abdominal obesity) is particularly dangerous, as it is associated with an extremely high risk of primary hypertension. This is due to the stimulation of the sympathetic adrenal system in fats. A size of more than 80 cm for women and more than 94 cm for men is a serious risk factor for hypertension;A sedentary lifestyle (hypodynamia) - insufficient physical activity causes the development of obesity;Excessive reception of table salt with food products (more than 5 g per day);excessive alcohol consumption (over 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day);An unbalanced diet (rich in calories, with an excess of saturated fat) - causes obesity;stressful situations.Classification of high blood pressurePrimary hypertension is classified as a function of the level of high blood pressure, by the nature of the lesion of the target organs.Classification of high blood pressure levels (AG)Category Systolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art. Diastolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art.High blood pressure i degrees 140-159 90-99Hypertension of Degree II 160-179 100-109High blood pressure of the degree III ≥ 180 ≥110Classification by the nature of the defeat of the target organsThe organs of the mechens are called the organs in which pathological changes occur mainly due to hypertension. For primary hypertension, the targets are the heart, the kidneys, the brain, the mesh shell of the eye, the blood vessels.3 steps of primary hypertensionIt is usual to distinguish 3 steps from primary hypertension:Step I-Ca -healing by the absence of changes compared to the target bodies;Stadium II-There are changes in the target organs that do not manifest themselves by any symptoms:heart: an increase in the left ventricle (depending on the results of the ECG or the ultrasound of the heart);Ships:signs of thickening of the walls, the presence of plates (according to the results of ultrasound, angiography);kidneys:decrease in function, microalbuminuria (detection of small portions of protein in the urine);The retina: narrowing, impregnation of blood vessels;Stadium III-There are symptoms of changes in target organs:heart: ischemic disease, heart failure;brain: transient disruption of brain blood flow, stroke;kidneys:renal failure;Ships: occlusion of the peripheral blood vessel, which delays the aortic aneurysm; Eye off:edema, hemorrhages, exudates.Hypertension symptomsIn some cases, for a long time, the only symptom of essential hypertension remains an increase in blood pressure. It can be accompanied by non -specific complaints of head pain (occurs in the morning, by the type of "heavy head", with location in the occipital region), irritability, excessive fatigue, sleep disorders, general weakness, stunning and rapid palpitations.Hypertonic crises are considered to be a brilliant sign of the disease of the disease (from 1 to 2 hours to 2 to 3 days) of the exacerbation of the disease, manifesting itself by a sudden increase in blood pressure. They occur in approximately a third of patients.There are 2 types of crises for hypertension: the first order (adrenal) and the second order (norépinephrine).The first -order hypertensive crisis is developing more often in people of average age. The increase in blood pressure occurs at night, accompanied by a headache, chills, cooling of the extremities, anxiety, anxiety, a rapid heart rate.A second -order hypertensive crisis is characteristic of the elderly. The increase in blood pressure is accompanied by a pronounced headache, an altered visual perception, inhibition, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting.
With prolonged hypertension experience in the clinical image, the place of head is occupied by the symptoms of diseases of the target organs: track pain with angina, breathlessness, swelling with heart failure, symptoms of a stroke, etc.Hypertension diagnosisIn order to establish a diagnosis of hypertension to a person, it is necessary to identify a persistent increase in blood pressure and to exclude the presence of other diseases characterized by high blood pressure syndrome.An increase in blood pressure is determined using a conventional tone - hell is measured by a doctor or a patient himself. An essential condition is to comply with the blood pressure measurement methodology - the measurement is carried out after 3 to 5 minutes of rest in a comfortable environment, seated, rest, shoulder and heart must be located at the same level. The blood pressure level greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg. Art. He talks about suspicion of essential hypertension. In diagnostically complex cases, the methodology of daily blood pressure monitoring is used. Diseases accompanying high blood pressureIn addition to hypertension, there are still a certain number of diseases accompanied by an increase in blood pressure: renal pathology (pyelo- / glomerulonephritis), vasorenal hypertension (caused by the narrowing of the renal artery), the tumance-the-pochrochrochrochromocytomomocytoma renal syndrome, disease syndrome. To exclude the presence of these pathologies, the doctor prescribes a complete examination.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.Diagnostic measures include:ECG: There may be signs of an increase in the left ventricle (hypertrophy), ischemic changes, signs of an acute myocardial infarction.X -ray of the chest organs: changes in the heart of the heart (manifestation of the hypertrophy of the left ventricle) can be detected;Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): can be detected by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the expansion of the cardiac cavities, a decrease in its work;Study of the background: the narrowed arteries of the retina, the dilated veins, with subsequent stages - hemorrhages, exudats, swelling is determined;Blood test: the quantity of cholesterol, kidney indicators (creatinine, urea) are determined;Analysis of urine: Removers' functioning disorders, microalbuminuria, etc. are detected. Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
Risk factorsRisk factors are attributed to signs, whose presence in humans increases the probability of developing the disease. The variety of primary hypertension risk factors is divided into two groups - modified and not modified.Risk factors not modified (it is impossible to influence them))These include:Men's sex is among men of young incidence of higher average age hypertension as in women at the same age. Low incidence in women is explained by the protective effect of estrogen. The prevalence of hypertension among representatives of both sexes over 60 is almost the same; Age (over 50 to 60) - The prevalence of hypertension increases sharply in old age;Hérétité - The presence of essential hypertension in a family increases the risk of illness.Modified risk factors (subject to influence)These include:Smoking - Nicotine has a powerful vasoconstrictor effect. Active and passive smoking leads to blood vessel cramps, an increase in blood pressure;Obesity-that is, the body weight index is greater than 30 kg / m2. Clinical studies prove that the incidence of hypertension increases as human weight increases. The depot of subcutaneous fats in the size area (abdominal obesity) is particularly dangerous, as it is associated with an extremely high risk of primary hypertension. This is due to the stimulation of the sympathetic adrenal system in fats. A size of more than 80 cm for women and more than 94 cm for men is a serious risk factor for hypertension;A sedentary lifestyle (hypodynamia) - insufficient physical activity causes the development of obesity;Excessive reception of table salt with food products (more than 5 g per day);excessive alcohol consumption (over 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day);An unbalanced diet (rich in calories, with an excess of saturated fat) - causes obesity;stressful situations.Classification of high blood pressurePrimary hypertension is classified as a function of the level of high blood pressure, by the nature of the lesion of the target organs.Classification of high blood pressure levels (AG)Category Systolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art. Diastolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art.High blood pressure i degrees 140-159 90-99Hypertension of Degree II 160-179 100-109High blood pressure of the degree III ≥ 180 ≥110Classification by the nature of the defeat of the target organsThe organs of the mechens are called the organs in which pathological changes occur mainly due to hypertension. For primary hypertension, the targets are the heart, the kidneys, the brain, the mesh shell of the eye, the blood vessels.3 steps of primary hypertensionIt is usual to distinguish 3 steps from primary hypertension:Step I-Ca -healing by the absence of changes compared to the target bodies;Stadium II-There are changes in the target organs that do not manifest themselves by any symptoms:heart: an increase in the left ventricle (depending on the results of the ECG or the ultrasound of the heart);Ships:signs of thickening of the walls, the presence of plates (according to the results of ultrasound, angiography);kidneys:decrease in function, microalbuminuria (detection of small portions of protein in the urine);The retina: narrowing, impregnation of blood vessels;Stadium III-There are symptoms of changes in target organs:heart: ischemic disease, heart failure;brain: transient disruption of brain blood flow, stroke;kidneys:renal failure;Ships: occlusion of the peripheral blood vessel, which delays the aortic aneurysm; Eye off:edema, hemorrhages, exudates.Hypertension symptomsIn some cases, for a long time, the only symptom of essential hypertension remains an increase in blood pressure. It can be accompanied by non -specific complaints of head pain (occurs in the morning, by the type of "heavy head", with location in the occipital region), irritability, excessive fatigue, sleep disorders, general weakness, stunning and rapid palpitations.Hypertonic crises are considered to be a brilliant sign of the disease of the disease (from 1 to 2 hours to 2 to 3 days) of the exacerbation of the disease, manifesting itself by a sudden increase in blood pressure. They occur in approximately a third of patients.There are 2 types of crises for hypertension: the first order (adrenal) and the second order (norépinephrine).The first -order hypertensive crisis is developing more often in people of average age. The increase in blood pressure occurs at night, accompanied by a headache, chills, cooling of the extremities, anxiety, anxiety, a rapid heart rate.A second -order hypertensive crisis is characteristic of the elderly. The increase in blood pressure is accompanied by a pronounced headache, an altered visual perception, inhibition, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting.
With prolonged hypertension experience in the clinical image, the place of head is occupied by the symptoms of diseases of the target organs: track pain with angina, breathlessness, swelling with heart failure, symptoms of a stroke, etc.Hypertension diagnosisIn order to establish a diagnosis of hypertension to a person, it is necessary to identify a persistent increase in blood pressure and to exclude the presence of other diseases characterized by high blood pressure syndrome.An increase in blood pressure is determined using a conventional tone - hell is measured by a doctor or a patient himself. An essential condition is to comply with the blood pressure measurement methodology - the measurement is carried out after 3 to 5 minutes of rest in a comfortable environment, seated, rest, shoulder and heart must be located at the same level. The blood pressure level greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg. Art. He talks about suspicion of essential hypertension. In diagnostically complex cases, the methodology of daily blood pressure monitoring is used. Diseases accompanying high blood pressureIn addition to hypertension, there are still a certain number of diseases accompanied by an increase in blood pressure: renal pathology (pyelo- / glomerulonephritis), vasorenal hypertension (caused by the narrowing of the renal artery), the tumance-the-pochrochrochrochromocytomomocytoma renal syndrome, disease syndrome. To exclude the presence of these pathologies, the doctor prescribes a complete examination.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.Diagnostic measures include:ECG: There may be signs of an increase in the left ventricle (hypertrophy), ischemic changes, signs of an acute myocardial infarction.X -ray of the chest organs: changes in the heart of the heart (manifestation of the hypertrophy of the left ventricle) can be detected;Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): can be detected by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the expansion of the cardiac cavities, a decrease in its work;Study of the background: the narrowed arteries of the retina, the dilated veins, with subsequent stages - hemorrhages, exudats, swelling is determined;Blood test: the quantity of cholesterol, kidney indicators (creatinine, urea) are determined;Analysis of urine: Removers' functioning disorders, microalbuminuria, etc. are detected. Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
Classification of high blood pressurePrimary hypertension is classified as a function of the level of high blood pressure, by the nature of the lesion of the target organs.Classification of high blood pressure levels (AG)Category Systolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art. Diastolic blood pressure, MM Hg. Art.High blood pressure i degrees 140-159 90-99Hypertension of Degree II 160-179 100-109High blood pressure of the degree III ≥ 180 ≥110Classification by the nature of the defeat of the target organsThe organs of the mechens are called the organs in which pathological changes occur mainly due to hypertension. For primary hypertension, the targets are the heart, the kidneys, the brain, the mesh shell of the eye, the blood vessels.3 steps of primary hypertensionIt is usual to distinguish 3 steps from primary hypertension:Step I-Ca -healing by the absence of changes compared to the target bodies;Stadium II-There are changes in the target organs that do not manifest themselves by any symptoms:heart: an increase in the left ventricle (depending on the results of the ECG or the ultrasound of the heart);Ships:signs of thickening of the walls, the presence of plates (according to the results of ultrasound, angiography);kidneys:decrease in function, microalbuminuria (detection of small portions of protein in the urine);The retina: narrowing, impregnation of blood vessels;Stadium III-There are symptoms of changes in target organs:heart: ischemic disease, heart failure;brain: transient disruption of brain blood flow, stroke;kidneys:renal failure;Ships: occlusion of the peripheral blood vessel, which delays the aortic aneurysm; Eye off:edema, hemorrhages, exudates.Hypertension symptomsIn some cases, for a long time, the only symptom of essential hypertension remains an increase in blood pressure. It can be accompanied by non -specific complaints of head pain (occurs in the morning, by the type of "heavy head", with location in the occipital region), irritability, excessive fatigue, sleep disorders, general weakness, stunning and rapid palpitations.Hypertonic crises are considered to be a brilliant sign of the disease of the disease (from 1 to 2 hours to 2 to 3 days) of the exacerbation of the disease, manifesting itself by a sudden increase in blood pressure. They occur in approximately a third of patients.There are 2 types of crises for hypertension: the first order (adrenal) and the second order (norépinephrine).The first -order hypertensive crisis is developing more often in people of average age. The increase in blood pressure occurs at night, accompanied by a headache, chills, cooling of the extremities, anxiety, anxiety, a rapid heart rate.A second -order hypertensive crisis is characteristic of the elderly. The increase in blood pressure is accompanied by a pronounced headache, an altered visual perception, inhibition, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting.
With prolonged hypertension experience in the clinical image, the place of head is occupied by the symptoms of diseases of the target organs: track pain with angina, breathlessness, swelling with heart failure, symptoms of a stroke, etc.Hypertension diagnosisIn order to establish a diagnosis of hypertension to a person, it is necessary to identify a persistent increase in blood pressure and to exclude the presence of other diseases characterized by high blood pressure syndrome.An increase in blood pressure is determined using a conventional tone - hell is measured by a doctor or a patient himself. An essential condition is to comply with the blood pressure measurement methodology - the measurement is carried out after 3 to 5 minutes of rest in a comfortable environment, seated, rest, shoulder and heart must be located at the same level. The blood pressure level greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg. Art. He talks about suspicion of essential hypertension. In diagnostically complex cases, the methodology of daily blood pressure monitoring is used. Diseases accompanying high blood pressureIn addition to hypertension, there are still a certain number of diseases accompanied by an increase in blood pressure: renal pathology (pyelo- / glomerulonephritis), vasorenal hypertension (caused by the narrowing of the renal artery), the tumance-the-pochrochrochrochromocytomomocytoma renal syndrome, disease syndrome. To exclude the presence of these pathologies, the doctor prescribes a complete examination.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.Diagnostic measures include:ECG: There may be signs of an increase in the left ventricle (hypertrophy), ischemic changes, signs of an acute myocardial infarction.X -ray of the chest organs: changes in the heart of the heart (manifestation of the hypertrophy of the left ventricle) can be detected;Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): can be detected by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the expansion of the cardiac cavities, a decrease in its work;Study of the background: the narrowed arteries of the retina, the dilated veins, with subsequent stages - hemorrhages, exudats, swelling is determined;Blood test: the quantity of cholesterol, kidney indicators (creatinine, urea) are determined;Analysis of urine: Removers' functioning disorders, microalbuminuria, etc. are detected. Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
3 steps of primary hypertensionIt is usual to distinguish 3 steps from primary hypertension:Step I-Ca -healing by the absence of changes compared to the target bodies;Stadium II-There are changes in the target organs that do not manifest themselves by any symptoms:heart: an increase in the left ventricle (depending on the results of the ECG or the ultrasound of the heart);Ships:signs of thickening of the walls, the presence of plates (according to the results of ultrasound, angiography);kidneys:decrease in function, microalbuminuria (detection of small portions of protein in the urine);The retina: narrowing, impregnation of blood vessels;Stadium III-There are symptoms of changes in target organs:heart: ischemic disease, heart failure;brain: transient disruption of brain blood flow, stroke;kidneys:renal failure;Ships: occlusion of the peripheral blood vessel, which delays the aortic aneurysm; Eye off:edema, hemorrhages, exudates.Hypertension symptomsIn some cases, for a long time, the only symptom of essential hypertension remains an increase in blood pressure. It can be accompanied by non -specific complaints of head pain (occurs in the morning, by the type of "heavy head", with location in the occipital region), irritability, excessive fatigue, sleep disorders, general weakness, stunning and rapid palpitations.Hypertonic crises are considered to be a brilliant sign of the disease of the disease (from 1 to 2 hours to 2 to 3 days) of the exacerbation of the disease, manifesting itself by a sudden increase in blood pressure. They occur in approximately a third of patients.There are 2 types of crises for hypertension: the first order (adrenal) and the second order (norépinephrine).The first -order hypertensive crisis is developing more often in people of average age. The increase in blood pressure occurs at night, accompanied by a headache, chills, cooling of the extremities, anxiety, anxiety, a rapid heart rate.A second -order hypertensive crisis is characteristic of the elderly. The increase in blood pressure is accompanied by a pronounced headache, an altered visual perception, inhibition, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting.
With prolonged hypertension experience in the clinical image, the place of head is occupied by the symptoms of diseases of the target organs: track pain with angina, breathlessness, swelling with heart failure, symptoms of a stroke, etc.Hypertension diagnosisIn order to establish a diagnosis of hypertension to a person, it is necessary to identify a persistent increase in blood pressure and to exclude the presence of other diseases characterized by high blood pressure syndrome.An increase in blood pressure is determined using a conventional tone - hell is measured by a doctor or a patient himself. An essential condition is to comply with the blood pressure measurement methodology - the measurement is carried out after 3 to 5 minutes of rest in a comfortable environment, seated, rest, shoulder and heart must be located at the same level. The blood pressure level greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg. Art. He talks about suspicion of essential hypertension. In diagnostically complex cases, the methodology of daily blood pressure monitoring is used. Diseases accompanying high blood pressureIn addition to hypertension, there are still a certain number of diseases accompanied by an increase in blood pressure: renal pathology (pyelo- / glomerulonephritis), vasorenal hypertension (caused by the narrowing of the renal artery), the tumance-the-pochrochrochrochromocytomomocytoma renal syndrome, disease syndrome. To exclude the presence of these pathologies, the doctor prescribes a complete examination.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.Diagnostic measures include:ECG: There may be signs of an increase in the left ventricle (hypertrophy), ischemic changes, signs of an acute myocardial infarction.X -ray of the chest organs: changes in the heart of the heart (manifestation of the hypertrophy of the left ventricle) can be detected;Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): can be detected by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the expansion of the cardiac cavities, a decrease in its work;Study of the background: the narrowed arteries of the retina, the dilated veins, with subsequent stages - hemorrhages, exudats, swelling is determined;Blood test: the quantity of cholesterol, kidney indicators (creatinine, urea) are determined;Analysis of urine: Removers' functioning disorders, microalbuminuria, etc. are detected. Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
Hypertension symptomsIn some cases, for a long time, the only symptom of essential hypertension remains an increase in blood pressure. It can be accompanied by non -specific complaints of head pain (occurs in the morning, by the type of "heavy head", with location in the occipital region), irritability, excessive fatigue, sleep disorders, general weakness, stunning and rapid palpitations.Hypertonic crises are considered to be a brilliant sign of the disease of the disease (from 1 to 2 hours to 2 to 3 days) of the exacerbation of the disease, manifesting itself by a sudden increase in blood pressure. They occur in approximately a third of patients.There are 2 types of crises for hypertension: the first order (adrenal) and the second order (norépinephrine).The first -order hypertensive crisis is developing more often in people of average age. The increase in blood pressure occurs at night, accompanied by a headache, chills, cooling of the extremities, anxiety, anxiety, a rapid heart rate.A second -order hypertensive crisis is characteristic of the elderly. The increase in blood pressure is accompanied by a pronounced headache, an altered visual perception, inhibition, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting.
With prolonged hypertension experience in the clinical image, the place of head is occupied by the symptoms of diseases of the target organs: track pain with angina, breathlessness, swelling with heart failure, symptoms of a stroke, etc.Hypertension diagnosisIn order to establish a diagnosis of hypertension to a person, it is necessary to identify a persistent increase in blood pressure and to exclude the presence of other diseases characterized by high blood pressure syndrome.An increase in blood pressure is determined using a conventional tone - hell is measured by a doctor or a patient himself. An essential condition is to comply with the blood pressure measurement methodology - the measurement is carried out after 3 to 5 minutes of rest in a comfortable environment, seated, rest, shoulder and heart must be located at the same level. The blood pressure level greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg. Art. He talks about suspicion of essential hypertension. In diagnostically complex cases, the methodology of daily blood pressure monitoring is used. Diseases accompanying high blood pressureIn addition to hypertension, there are still a certain number of diseases accompanied by an increase in blood pressure: renal pathology (pyelo- / glomerulonephritis), vasorenal hypertension (caused by the narrowing of the renal artery), the tumance-the-pochrochrochrochromocytomomocytoma renal syndrome, disease syndrome. To exclude the presence of these pathologies, the doctor prescribes a complete examination.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.Diagnostic measures include:ECG: There may be signs of an increase in the left ventricle (hypertrophy), ischemic changes, signs of an acute myocardial infarction.X -ray of the chest organs: changes in the heart of the heart (manifestation of the hypertrophy of the left ventricle) can be detected;Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): can be detected by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the expansion of the cardiac cavities, a decrease in its work;Study of the background: the narrowed arteries of the retina, the dilated veins, with subsequent stages - hemorrhages, exudats, swelling is determined;Blood test: the quantity of cholesterol, kidney indicators (creatinine, urea) are determined;Analysis of urine: Removers' functioning disorders, microalbuminuria, etc. are detected. Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
With prolonged hypertension experience in the clinical image, the place of head is occupied by the symptoms of diseases of the target organs: track pain with angina, breathlessness, swelling with heart failure, symptoms of a stroke, etc.
Hypertension diagnosisIn order to establish a diagnosis of hypertension to a person, it is necessary to identify a persistent increase in blood pressure and to exclude the presence of other diseases characterized by high blood pressure syndrome.An increase in blood pressure is determined using a conventional tone - hell is measured by a doctor or a patient himself. An essential condition is to comply with the blood pressure measurement methodology - the measurement is carried out after 3 to 5 minutes of rest in a comfortable environment, seated, rest, shoulder and heart must be located at the same level. The blood pressure level greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg. Art. He talks about suspicion of essential hypertension. In diagnostically complex cases, the methodology of daily blood pressure monitoring is used. Diseases accompanying high blood pressureIn addition to hypertension, there are still a certain number of diseases accompanied by an increase in blood pressure: renal pathology (pyelo- / glomerulonephritis), vasorenal hypertension (caused by the narrowing of the renal artery), the tumance-the-pochrochrochrochromocytomomocytoma renal syndrome, disease syndrome. To exclude the presence of these pathologies, the doctor prescribes a complete examination.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.Diagnostic measures include:ECG: There may be signs of an increase in the left ventricle (hypertrophy), ischemic changes, signs of an acute myocardial infarction.X -ray of the chest organs: changes in the heart of the heart (manifestation of the hypertrophy of the left ventricle) can be detected;Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): can be detected by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the expansion of the cardiac cavities, a decrease in its work;Study of the background: the narrowed arteries of the retina, the dilated veins, with subsequent stages - hemorrhages, exudats, swelling is determined;Blood test: the quantity of cholesterol, kidney indicators (creatinine, urea) are determined;Analysis of urine: Removers' functioning disorders, microalbuminuria, etc. are detected. Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
Diseases accompanying high blood pressureIn addition to hypertension, there are still a certain number of diseases accompanied by an increase in blood pressure: renal pathology (pyelo- / glomerulonephritis), vasorenal hypertension (caused by the narrowing of the renal artery), the tumance-the-pochrochrochrochromocytomomocytoma renal syndrome, disease syndrome. To exclude the presence of these pathologies, the doctor prescribes a complete examination.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.Diagnostic measures include:ECG: There may be signs of an increase in the left ventricle (hypertrophy), ischemic changes, signs of an acute myocardial infarction.X -ray of the chest organs: changes in the heart of the heart (manifestation of the hypertrophy of the left ventricle) can be detected;Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart): can be detected by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, the expansion of the cardiac cavities, a decrease in its work;Study of the background: the narrowed arteries of the retina, the dilated veins, with subsequent stages - hemorrhages, exudats, swelling is determined;Blood test: the quantity of cholesterol, kidney indicators (creatinine, urea) are determined;Analysis of urine: Removers' functioning disorders, microalbuminuria, etc. are detected. Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
An additional examination aims to detect pathologies of the target organs. It allows you to clarify the hypertension stage, to prescribe an appropriate treatment.
Hypertension treatmentIn the treatment of primary hypertension, methods of non-drug and medication that are completed are successfully used.Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
Non -drug methods to treat high blood pressureThey are prescribed to absolutely all patients with hypertension, even if a person receives drugs to control blood pressure. These measures imply the elimination of risk factors by modifying the established way of life and human habits. Scientists have proven that non -drug treatment in certain cases is not lower than the treatment with drugs.The main directions:Limiting the amount of table salt from food (up to 5-6 g per day). This implies a complete rejection of foods such as sausages, sausages, savory cheeses, canned food, salted fish. It should also be taken into account that a significant amount of salt is contained in bakery products;The fight against overweight - People with primary hypertension, it is recommended to reduce the calorie content of the diet by limiting the use of fats;Restriction on the use of drinks containing alcohol - up to 30 g of ethyl alcohol per day;A complete and strict refusal of smoking if necessary, resorting to the help of a narcologist;Regular physical activity is moderate, preferably daily, lasts at least half an hour. Events in fresh air are preferred: jogging, walking at an accelerated pace, cycling.Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
Drug -hypertension drug treatmentImplies the use of drugs.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis. Main classes of drugs:Enzyme inhibitors angiotenzinzinoproding - IAC;Angiotensin - Sartans receptors;calcium antagonists;Diuretics;blockers;Renin inhibitors;central action drugs (brain);Alpha-blockers.Drug combinations for the treatment of blood pressureIn the treatment of hypertension, the combinations of drugs from various groups are widely used, for example, IACD + diuretic, calcium antagonist + IACF, -Block + Sartan + Diuretic. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces a large number of ready -to -use combined drugs, which considerably simplifies drugs.It should be noted that the treatment of hypertension is carried out under the continuous control of a doctor therapist or a cardiologist. The doctor determines the volume of medical measures, the time of prescription for drugs, dosage, etc.The independent prescription of antihypertensive drugs is unacceptable. With the development of malignant hypertension, which does not lend itself to the effects of drugs, surgical treatment of hypertension can be carried out (stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors, kidney denervation, etc. ).Highty preventionThe primary prevention of hypertension must be carried out from childhood. Children, adolescents, young people must regularly undergo medical examinations with the measurement of blood pressure. Prevention should affect risk factors for the disease. Children are shown by a rational muscle charge, overeating, excessive consumption of salt food is unacceptable. Secondary prevention aims to prevent the progression of the disease. People with hypertension are contraindicated at night, overtime, as well as combined with nervous overloads.
For effective treatment of primary hypertension, several classes of drugs are recommended by experts, they reduce blood pressure, affecting different stages of disease pathogenesis.